Epictetus: Life, Teachings & Stoic Philosophy

Epictetus is known as one of the greatest Stoic philosophers. Later, Stoics frequently quoted him and regarded him as a model of Stoic philosophy. Epictetus lived in Greece between the 1st and 2nd centuries CE. Despite the lack of extensive historical records about his life, his journey from slavery to a renowned philosopher showcases the transformative impact of philosophy.

Born in Pamukkale, Turkey, around 50 CE, Epictetus’s early life remains uncertain, particularly regarding the details of his enslavement. Some sources suggest he was born into slavery, while others claim he became enslaved later in life. Regardless of how he became enslaved, Epictetus began his journey into Stoic philosophy during his time in bondage.

His owner, Epaphroditus, also a former enslaved person, was a secretary who gained power and influence in Emperor Nero’s court. Accounts of how he treated Epictetus vary. According to rumors, Epaphroditus severely twisted Epictetus’s leg, causing lifelong lameness. Others believe the lameness was the result of an inherited health condition.

Epictetus reportedly endured the violent act calmly and indifferently. However, if he was cruel to Epictetus, Epaphroditus also allowed him to attend lectures by the Stoic philosopher Musonius Rufus. The lectures led to a deep interest in Stoicism, shaping his life.

The Student Becomes the Master

Epictetus’s experiences during enslavement may have driven his interest in Stoicism. The philosophy’s focus on virtue, resilience, and acceptance must have resonated deeply with him. This philosophy put life in context for him, teaching him that life is full of challenges, but there is a way of living that can help him navigate these challenges rationally.

Though the exact date remains uncertain, Epictetus was believed to have gained his freedom in 68 CE. He gained his freedom around the fall of Nero’s reign, coinciding with Epaphroditus’s loss of power. Depending on the account, Epaphroditus either freed Epictetus willingly or lost his ownership rights by default, resulting in the loss of political power.

Regardless, Epictetus was a free man and immediately threw himself into the study and practice of Stoicism. He is known for establishing a school in Nicopolis, Greece, where he gave students his wisdom. Despite the societal prejudices he faced as a formerly enslaved person, his teachings gained widespread acclaim and recognition.

Although the details remain unknown, Epictetus is believed to have died around 135 CE. Epictetus lived into old age, which was uncommon for Stoic philosophers, many of whom (like Seneca and Socrates) died by execution or forced suicide. Since he lived a simple and disciplined life, free from excess, he likely passed away peacefully, embodying the Stoic principle of accepting death without fear.

Capturing his Wisdom

While Epictetus did not write anything about his teachings and practice, we have a recorded history. His student, Arrian, was dedicated to capturing all his teacher’s wisdom in writing. The result is called “The Discourses” and has become a key reference for aspiring Stoics. Arrian captures the teachings on topics such as ethics, virtue, resilience, and the nature of the universe.

“The Discourses” are written in an accessible way that makes it easy for the modern reader to consume invaluable insights into Epictetus’s philosophical beliefs and teachings. He imparts timeless wisdom through practical examples and straightforward advice that resonates with readers today.

In addition to “The Discourses,” Arrian also wrote “Enchiridion,” or the “Handbook.” The work could be the modern equivalent of “Stoicism for Dummies.” The concise manual provides a practical guide to Stoic philosophy, summarizing key principles and practices into bite-sized nuggets for living a virtuous life.

Epictetus’s Teachings

Epictetus was not the type of teacher who only wished to impart knowledge to his students. His focus was the daily application of knowledge, and his methods emphasized practicality and accessibility to this end.

He utilized everyday examples and analogies to illustrate complex philosophical concepts. His emphasis on personal transformation through action and the resulting inner peace was of significant interest to his students, many of whom became influential thinkers in their own right.

His philosophy’s central tenets were practical ethics and personal responsibility. Regarding personal responsibility, he focused on the concept of “dichotomy of control.” According to Epictetus, there are things in life that are within our control and things that are beyond our control. By focusing our energy and attention on the things we can control—such as our thoughts, attitudes, and actions—we can cultivate inner peace and resilience, regardless of external circumstances.

Practical ethics is the application of ethical principles in real-world situations. We can organize Epictetus’s ethical principles into four broad categories:

Personal Ethics—how we treat ourselves—consists of self-control, honesty, and resilience. Self-control involves managing desires, impulses, and habits (e.g., avoiding addiction or reckless behavior). Epictetus teaches, “No man is free who is not master of himself.”

Honesty and integrity mean telling the truth even when it is inconvenient and living according to one’s values. Lastly, resilience means facing hardships without complaining and accepting that life is full of setbacks.

Social Ethics—how we treat others—involves fairness, kindness, and social responsibility. Fairness involves treating people equally and avoiding bias. It also involves acting with honor and respect, even toward those who have wronged us.

Kindness is helping others without expecting anything in return (e.g., supporting a struggling friend or helping a stranger). Epicteus reminds us, “Each of us is a thread in the great web of life.” Lastly, we have the social responsibility of being good friends, family members, coworkers, or citizens.

Professional Ethics focuses on our behavior in the workplace and with colleagues. This involves honesty, respect, leadership, and accountability. We avoid deceitful practices, corruption, or exploitation while delivering on promises and commitments. We treat colleagues and employees with fairness and dignity, avoiding workplace toxicity and unethical behavior.

Lastly, even when difficult, we make moral decisions and take responsibility for mistakes instead of shifting blame. Epictetus advises, “First, say to yourself what you would be; then do what you have to do.”

Ethical Decision-Making is doing what is right, plain and simple. We always do what is right, not just what is in our own best interest. We choose truth over lies, justice over convenience, and courage over fear. We also use influence to help others rather than use it for personal gain.

Conclusion

Throughout his life, Epictetus faced numerous challenges and obstacles. From his humble beginnings as a slave to his later years as a respected philosopher, he embraced, embodied, and taught Stoic principles. Despite his troubles, Epictetus never wavered in his belief in the power of philosophy to transform lives.

Epictetus’s teachings continue to inspire individuals from all walks of life. He offers us timeless wisdom and guidance for navigating the ups and downs of a virtuous life. His emphasis on personal responsibility, resilience, and acceptance resonates as strongly today as it did centuries ago, reminding us of the enduring relevance of Stoicism in an ever-changing world.